- Johnny's Research Farm | Breeding, Trialing, Selection & Quality Assurance
- Johnny’s OP Stewardship Project: Restoration of ‘Hungarian Hot Wax’ Pepper
- Open-Pollinated Revival Project: 3 Improved OP Heirloom & Heritage Tomatoes
- A Brief History of Tool Development at Johnny's | Planting the Seed of a Small-Scale Farming Revolution
- Classical Plant Breeding at Johnny's | by Rob Johnston, Jr, Plant Breeder (Retired) & Founder of Johnny's Selected Seeds
- 5 JSS-Bred Varieties Introduced by Rob Johnston, Jr., Plant Breeder & Founder (Retired), Johnny's Selected Seeds
- 3 for 2020: New Johnny-Bred Stories by Rob Johnston, Jr. | ‘Starry Night,’ ‘Citrine’ & ‘Pipsqueak’
- Classical Plant Breeding at Johnny's Selected Seeds | Infographic
- About Johnny's Variety Trialing Program
- Seed Variety Trialing – Why Try Something New?
- Seed Variety Trialing at Johnny's Selected Seeds | Infographic
- How to Conduct a Scale-Appropriate Trial on Your Own Farm
- All-America Selections Award-Winning Varieties Bred by Johnny's | Spec Sheet
- Varieties Bred by Johnny's | 4-pp Brochure
- About Johnny's | PDF
- Johnny's Announces 'Rhubarb Supreme' | New Bolt-Resistant Strain of a Favorite, Open-Pollinated Swiss Chard | Press Release
- Johnny's Corno di Toro Peppers Rule | Press Release
- Pea Selection at Johnny's | The Story of 'Sugar Ann' Snap Pea
- The Johnny's Advantage | PDF
- Video: Classical Plant Breeding at Johnny's
- Video: 'Cherry Bomb' | JSS-Bred Organic Cherry x Grape Tomato from Johnny's
- Video: Johnny's Trialing Program
- Video: Hand-Pollinating Peppers at Our Research Farm | Classical Plant Breeding at Johnny's Selected Seeds
- Video: 'Clementine' | The Tangerine-Colored, Organic Cocktail Tomato from Johnny's Breeding Team
- Johnny’s Selected Seeds Observes 50th Anniversary | Press Release
- Johnny's Welcomes Kevin L Cook, PhD as VP of R&D | Press Release
- Video: Restoration of OP 'Hungarian Hot Wax' Pepper | Exclusively from Johnny's Selected Seeds
- Farm Tours of Johnny's Research & Trialing Farm
Pea Selection at Johnny's • The Story of Sugar Ann
How We Develop & Maintain Stock Seed Quality
by Steve Bellavia, R&D Product Technician
The Common Pea
For anyone just setting out to grow peas, it may not be apparent that not all pea seed is created equal. Not only are there differences between pea varieties, even seed lots of the same pea variety can vary widely in quality, depending on how the seed crop is grown and managed.
Choose Your Peas Wisely
There are many different types of peas from which to choose. There are the traditional shelling or English peas, the edible podded snap and snow peas, and even varieties particularly well-suited for producing edible pea shoots or garnishes.
From this sea of pea possibilities, Johnny's trials and selects only the best performing varieties, then meticulously culls and tests each line, to offer highest-quality pea seed of the following types:
From this sea of pea possibilities, Johnny's trials and selects only the best performing varieties, then meticulously culls and tests each line, to offer highest-quality pea seed of the following types:
Through traditional selection and crossing, pea breeders have continued to breed improved varieties and even novel types. 'Sugar Snap' and 'Sugar Ann' are just two prime examples of extraordinary results that come of ordinary methods.
Snap peas differ from shelling and snow peas in that their pods are thicker, rounder, crunchier, juicy sweet, and apart from the string, entirely edible. Though there were commercial varieties as far back as the 1880s, they disappeared from the seed trade, and by the 1970s, there were no snap peas being sold commercially.
The work of pea breeders Dr Calvin Lamborn and Dr MC Parker of Twin Falls, Idaho, brought us the new variety 'Sugar Snap.' Upon introduction in 1979, this cross between a snow pea and a mutant shell pea — which Johnny's regards as still the most flavorful snap pea — earned immediate recognition as an All-America Selections winner.
'Sugar Snap' is a climber, though, producing vines reaching 6 feet or more in height and requiring support. Growers not wanting to trellis their peas desired a bush plant, and just five years later, pea breeders introduced the more diminutive 'Sugar Ann.' A 1984 AAS Vegetable Award winner, 'Sugar Ann's' pods are every bit as plump and sweet as its lofty parent, but its vines are only 24" inches tall, and it matures about a week earlier. Thank you, Calvin and MC Parker!
Author Steve Bellavia
R&D Product Technician, Johnny's Selected Seeds
On This Page
VIDEO: Calvin Lamborn on Classical Pea Breeding
The Father of the Modern Snap PeaMeasures of Quality Seed Lots
As a purveyor of seed, what Johnny's means by quality is that our pea seed consistently delivers superior germination rates, true-to-type performance, yield, and flavor. While the merits of yield and flavor are obvious, why the first two matter so much — germination rate and purity — bears some explanation, as they shape the outcome of anyone's pea-growing efforts.
- Germination Rate. Johnny's holds itself to germination testing standards that are significantly higher than what the Federal Seed Act dictates. A crop that is well managed will produce a seed crop with a better germination rate than a poorly grown one. A well-managed crop will be planted on time so it grows during the optimal period for seed production. It will also be adequately fertilized, weeded, and irrigated. If any of these aspects is neglected, then the seed quality will suffer.
- Uniformity & Purity. To achieve uniformity, or purity, of the seed lot, one must start with a high-quality, uniform batch of seeds — or, as we say in the seed industry, "stock seeds" — to grow the seed crop to a workable size. And, one must also maintain this quality over time.
Here's how we do it…
Reselection & Increasing for Quality Stock Seed
To ensure that our 'Sugar Ann' stock seeds were top-notch, we enlisted the help of our friend and colleague, Dick Lowe, a long-time, highly regarded pea breeder at Pure Line Seeds in eastern Washington who knows peas inside and out.
Back in 2008 we sent Dick a few pounds of 'Sugar Ann' seed. What he did for us was plant and grow these out, then save seeds from just a handful of the best, true-to-type plants. Over a period of 5 years, he grew enough seeds from the original handful of plants to reach the point where there were enough stock seeds for a commercial production. He finished the reselection and increasing seed process in 2012, and sent us back 850 pounds of seed.
So this is how we got our original, elite stock seed for 'Sugar Ann,' and this is the seed we use to produce the seed that we offer today. Thank you, Dick and PureLine Seeds!
Maintenance of Quality — We Do the Rogueing, So You Don't Have To
Within our snap pea seed crops, every once in a while a mutant plant will make an appearance. It's not a snap pea, but it might be more like a snow pea or a shell pea. We in the seed industry call this mutant an "off-type."
In seed stock production, it could become a serious problem if we didn't get rid of the off-types. These naturally occurring off-types are uncommon — but can create significant problems over time. Why?
The reason is that these off-type plants tend to produce more seeds than the normal snap peas. If the off-type plants are not promptly removed from the seed crop itself, over time, the percentage of off-type plants from the resultant seed lots will increase and become noticeable to the individual gardener or grower who plants them. What to do?
The only way to ensure that our seed lots are of good quality with a very low percentage of off-types is to "rogue" the crop. "Rogueing" in the seed world means walking through the seed production fields and closely inspecting plants and removing all off-type plants before they set seed. We've trained our trialing eyes to look very carefully at strains, and are able to pick up on a single plant off-type within the row. This is time-consuming, tedious, and expensive, but it is the only way to grow pure crops of seeds.
We put a lot of effort and work into growing the very best snap pea seeds, and are pleased with the results. We hope you are, too. Seed lots of peas will always have a few off-types, but not enough to cause economic loss. When you go to harvest and market peas, you'll find you get more of what you expect with seed from Johnny's.
Comparing Shell & Snap Peas
OR, download a print-friendly, PDF version of our Snap & Shell Pea Comparison Chart…
Just as each type of pea has its own set of characteristics, so too do different pea cultivars. Use this chart to compare distinguishing features between Johnny's snap and shelling pea varieties.
Further Resources
- Watch a video about Calvin Lamborn, the father of the modern Snap Pea. Through years of classical plant breeding, trialing, and selecting, Dr. Lamborn brought us peas with exquisite flavor and appearance, increased disease resistance, higher yields, smaller pods for efficient processing, and ease of picking for field workers.
- Learn more about All-America Selections Award-Winning Snap Peas.
- 1979: 'Sugar Snap'
- 1984: 'Sugar Ann'
- View All Johnny's Award-Winning Selections…